Not So Timely: Screen-On Push Notifications and User Engagement

We study how the timing of mobile push notifications affects user engagement. Industry practice assumes that delivering messages precisely when users are active—such as at screen-on moments—maximizes effectiveness. Using large-scale data from a leading push notification platform in China, we challenge this assumption through two complementary quasi-experiments. A regression discontinuity design around system “listening windows” shows that screen-on pushes reduce daily app usage. To reconcile this puzzle, we analyze cross-app data where users’ screen-on signals occur moments before push requests, creating quasi-random variation in notification delay. We find that slightly delayed screen-on pushes—arriving one to two minutes after users turn on their screens—generate significantly higher engagement than instantaneous pushes. These results reveal that hyper-precise timing can backfire: messages delivered too immediately may feel intrusive, while modest delays enhance receptivity. Our findings highlight an inverted-U relationship between temporal precision and user responsiveness, underscoring the need to balance attentional salience with user experience in mobile communication design.