1.We know that you have studied how Japan responds to the challenge of aging. The United States is now using immigration to adjust its aging problem. China and Japan may have more similarities. Based on your research, what do you think is the best way to combat aging in China? (Currently, various methods are used in China, but the fertility rate is still declining.)

My paper on Japan, which you cite, notes that it is not possible to address the aging problem quickly through an increase in fertility since that will increase the dependency ratio long before it has a chance to reduce it. Immigration is one way to decrease the dependency ratio quickly. Alternatively, one must just adjust to a population with a larger group of older people and increase the age at which retirement benefits (if there are any) are received.

2.In most parts of the world today, women live longer than men. In OECD countries, the difference in life expectancy between men and women is about 4 to 6 years (7 years in Japan). In your paper "XX>XY?: The Changing Female Advantage in Life Expectancy", you described that because infectious diseases are controlled, both men and women benefit, but women benefit more, so women live longer. In an aging country like China, women retire many years earlier than men. Do you think this is unreasonable? Why？

I don’t know whether it is unreasonable, but it may be unnecessary. It probably came about because women married men who were older by 3-5 years. Therefore, if both were to retire together, women would retire at younger ages. In the US there are an equal fraction of older couples in which the woman works and the man is retired as the other way around. In a paper I wrote “Women Working Longer” we show that birth cohorts of women who had more college education and more advanced degrees had careers that lasted long into their sixties and even seventies. These women wanted to continue with their careers rather than retiring even if they had the ability to retire.

3.What do you think of the relationship between aging and women's protection? It is generally believed that the more protections for women (such as paid maternity leave, more escorts ???), the more beneficial it is to the recovery of the female labor force. Will helping the female labor force recover and encouraging women to work for a long time will become a reasonable gender policy in an aging country?

I don’t understand the question. I think I have already responded about working working longer.

4.Who do you think is the best country in the world to combat the effects of aging? What is its policy?

I don’t have any idea how to answer the question. To know what is “best,” one needs to have some objective function. Furthermore, one can age “well” and require less care. A 70 year old today requires less care than a 70 year old did 100 years ago, I bet.